Primary and Secondary Succession Essay

Ecosystems are environments where biotic (living) organisms and abiotic (non-living) components interact together to create a functional, complex network of nutrient and energy cycling. These balanced environments take time, sometimes many years, to develop. During the course of development, species are replaced by other species within the ecosystem, a process known as succession. Primary succession happens when species grow in locations where organisms have never previously existed. Secondary succession occurs after an ecosystem disturbance. The basic difference between primary and secondary succession is the presence of soil. When primary succession begins, soil is not present; in the case of secondary succession, soil is already in place. What occurs during primary and secondary succession? How can an ecosystem recover from a natural or man-made disaster? By examining the workings of an ecosystem and a case of primary and secondary succession, environmental scientists can find the answers to these questions. What is an Ecosystem? As stated above, an ecosystem is a place where biotic and abiotic components interact within their environment. Living parts of an ecosystem include animals and plants. These animals and plants perform roles of producers, consumers, or decomposers. According to Raven & Berg (2004), these three roles are indispensable within ecosystems. Producers provide food and oxygen, consumers create balance between producers and decomposers, and decomposers prevent accumulation of dead organisms and waste products (p. 72). Non-living components of ecosystems include soil, sun, and weather conditions. Working together, the biotic and abiotic components cycle nutrients within the ecosystem. This is vital action because without nutrients the ecosystem and its inhabitants would not survive. Where do ecosystems come from and how do they begin? The answer lies in the definition of primary succession. Primary Succession The very beginning of an ecosystem happens when primary succession occurs. After devastation from volcanism, glaciations, or sand dunes, an environment  is devoid of soil and living organisms do not exist. From this barren emptiness, primary succession begins with a pioneer community. Raven and Berg (2004) give an example of primary succession within Glacier Bay, Alaska (p. 87). In the case at Glacier Bay, rocks remain after a glacier’s retreat and the pioneer community is lichens. The lichens form soil, where colonies of moss thrive. The soil condition slowly progresses to the point where grasses and ferns can grow. Eventually the soil increases enough for shrubs to grow. Thanks to primary succession, over time the emptiness of Glacier Bay becomes a forest community. Once living organisms unite with non-living components, much like what happened at Glacier Bay, a new ecosystem is born. As the example at Glacier Bay has shown, primary succession is a birthing process. On the other hand, secondary succession is similar to a re-birthing process. To see how the re-birthing process works, environmental scientists can travel to Yellowstone National Park or North Carolina. Secondary Succession What happens when an ecosystem’s important cycle experiences a disturbance such as from fire or human activities? Once disturbed, ecosystems proceed through periods of changes that affect their structures and functions. This process of change, known as secondary succession, occurs very quickly because soil is already present. An example of severe destruction followed by a re-birth occurred in Yellowstone National Park. As a result of the fires that burned in the park in 1988, 1.2 million acres was scorched ecosystem wide (â€Å"The Great Fires of 1988†, n.d.). Amazingly, secondary succession happened quickly in Yellowstone National Park and within one-year herbs and lilies covered the ground area (Raven and Berg, 2004, p. 87). Another example of secondary succession is witnessed in North Carolina where abandoned farmland progresses through almost predictable restoration stages. For the first year, the uncultivated farmland is overcome with crabgrass. The second year finds horseweed dominating the area. Since the horseweed roots strangle the horseweed seeds, the third year observations find completely different dominating species within the ecosystem. Regardless of which species dominate, the ecosystem has successfully experienced a re-birth thanks to secondary succession. Humans and Ecosystems Many scientists are trying to learn all they can about ecosystems by observing healthy, thriving ecosystems in action. Humans, even though their intentions are often good, can upset the fine balance that exists in an ecosystem. Some examples are land clearing and damming can upset the sediment yield within river systems. A local project is actively testing two hypotheses regarding trophic structure and its affect on estuaries. This project is a joint effort between many organizations including the National Science Foundation. Many scientists all over the world are attempting to find answers to questions about saving natural ecosystems. Only in this way will our Earth be able to sustain future generations. Conclusion Since the components of ecosystems all work together to sustain their environment, changes in any single part of the process, biotic or abiotic, can affect the entire ecosystem. Outside influences can also wreak havoc on an established ecosystem. These disturbances can result from natural or man-made disasters. Primary and secondary succession, although their instances of occurrence differ, both provide a type of birth and re-birth to an ecosystem. By observing and studying ecosystems, along with primary and secondary succession changes, environmental scientists can learn how to help and not harm Earth’s precious ecosystems. References: Bearman’s Yellowstone Outdoor Adventures, (n.d.). The great fires of 1988. Retrieved June 24, 2005, from Yellowstone National Parks Year of Fire web site: http://www.yellowstone-bearman.com/yfire.html Berg, L. & Raven, P. (2004). Environment (4th edition). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

My first day of College Essay

a) This course is a study of elementary algebra, which will include the set of real numbers, linear sentences, linear functions and their graphs, and operations and factoring with polynomials. b) MATH 0989 is a first semester developmental course which will prepare the student for MATH 1111 and its co-requisite course MATH 0999. c) To do well in the course, one must practice many problems outside of class, ask questions in class until there is a complete understanding of each concept, and prepare for tests by reviewing problems worked in class. d) A notebook needs to maintained and brought to class each day. All of the MyMathLab assignments need to labeled with the section and work placed in your notebook. 2. COURSE OBJECTIVES a) General education objective: Students will demonstrate a basic knowledge of the fundamentals of college level mathematics. b) Learning Support Math Program Goal: Mathematics students will be provided the knowledge and skills needed for successful college level work. c) Outcomes: Successful MATH0 099 students will demonstrate an understanding of solving linear equations and inequalities, operating and factoring with polynomials, and graphing linear equations. 3. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES a) Free tutoring available in the Student Success Center b) Study groups with fellow classmates c) Individual help during instructor’s office hours 4. OFFICE PROCEDURES FOR EXTRA HELP a) Bring lesson notes. b) Make sure the lesson has been read and the examples studied. c) Be prepared to show at least two problems that have been attempted. d) Bring incomplete or incorrect work for each problem. e) Ask for help as early as possible. Do not wait until the day of the test. 5. ATTENDANCE a) Attendance is very important. All students are expected and urged to attend all classes. Each absence makes it more difficult to acquire knowledge and increase learning. You will be contacted, if lack of attendance is becoming a problem. b) Students are responsible for every assignment and all material covered in class, whether present or absent. c) Obtain the name and phone number of a reliable classmate to contact, if there is an unavoidable absence. d) Tardiness to class is not allowed after the first week of classes. When the door is closed, no one is to enter. If you know you are going to be late due to a doctor’s appointment or such, please email me ahead of time. 6. CLASSROOM ETIQUETTE a) Treat the instructor and other students with respect. b) Talk to other students only during group activities. c) Leave the classroom during class time only after having spoken to the instructor. d) Cell phones must be silenced and out of sight during class time. 7. CALCULATOR a) Only scientific calculators may be used. b) Scientific calculators which will allow simplification of radical expressions may not be used. c) Phone calculators may not be used. d) Texas Instruments â€Å"TI-30XIIS† is recommended. 8. METHOD OF EVALUATION a) Unit Tests and Quizzes – 70%. There will be four unit tests. b) MyMathLab – 15%. c) Final Exam (Comprehensive) – 15%. 9. GRADES Average below 70, good attendance, effort, and some progress, and first semester in Learning Support Math F% Average below 70, poor attendance, lack of effort, or no progress WF% Withdrawn after midterm or stopped attending after midterm without officially withdrawing from the class W% Withdrawn before midterm 10. Learning Support Standards of Progress In addition to the Academic Standards of Progress (See the on-line Gordon State College Academic Catalog.) and in accordance with policies of the University System of Georgia, students enrolled in one or more Learning Support courses (See Learning Support Program in the on-line catalog for more information.) must comply with progression requirements of the Learning Support program.Learning Support students who need intensive remediation will begin with one of the 3- credit Foundations Learning Support courses (ENGL 0099, MATH 0097, or MATH 0099). Upon completion of Foundations courses(s) students will be required to register for the co-requisite academic support lab and gateway course to complete Learning Support requirements. A maximum of three attempts is allowed to complete both the Foundations course and the co-requisite pair. Students who fail two attempts at any of the 3-credit Foundations Learning Support courses will be placed on Learning Support Suspension. Students who only require support in their degree-credit gateway course will begin in one of the co-requisite pairs (ENGL 0098 / ENGL 1101, MATH 0097 / MATH 1001, or MATH 0099 / MATH  1111). Students who begin in a co-requisite pair are allowed a maximum of two attempts to complete the Learning Support Requirement. Failing to exit from Learning Support after a second attempt will result in Learning Support Suspension. The student may be considered for readmission before the end of one year of the suspension, if the student can provide evidence that he/she has taken measures to improve his or her skills. Time spent in Learning Support Course work in a disciplinary area shall be cumulative within the University System of Georgia. A transfer Learning Support student may be granted an additional semester if that student was making appropriate progress at the sending institution and is ready for the exit level course at the receiving institution and has not exceeded the allowed number of attempts. Students who have accumulated 30 semester hours or more of college level credit will be allowed to take only the required Learning Support classes. No other classes may be taken. 11 . ADDITIONAL INFORMATION a) Should students find it necessary at any time to see their instructor or the Coordinator of the Learning Support Program for clarification of any course related or departmental policy, to discuss their progress, or to request additional help, they should feel free to ask for an appointment. b) Any student who is certified as disabled or who qualifies for special accommodations must provide appropriate evidence of such certification immediately. Any student who intends to request special accommodations for this course because of a learning disability of any kind must immediately declare his or her intention to the college ADA officer – Student Center Room 212 – 678-359-5585. Foundations for College Algebra – MATH 0989

To Err is Human by Lewis Thomas

Lewis Thomas' To Err is Human In the essay, â€Å"To Err is Human†, Lewis Thomas, begins by contrasting the supposed infallibility of computers with the human propensity for error. In the essay Lewis explains how we grow from our mistakes, he says â€Å"We are built to make mistakes, coded for error (306). Lewis uses persuasive elements to sway people into his point of view.Thomas writes that when computers make an error, they don't know what to do, but if a human makes an error we can adapt and make the necessary improvements to make the error better or get the right answer. Thomas states that computers are designed to be perfect, however, as we all know from personal experiences, computers sometimes do make mistakes.He then goes on to say that computers come do the same as humans, like when people make mistakes they learn from them, he said that if computers could do it they would be even more perfect then stated. Thomas uses the element of imagery to capture his readers in terest in the essay, by comparing a humans mind to a computer's workings, he goes on to state that a good bank or the government, has to run like a computer or a least somewhat, this connects the reader to something that goes on in everyday life and moves their live along.In this essay Thomas' intended it to make readers realize that an â€Å"error† is nothing to be worried about and it actually could be are greatest strength. His persuasive techniques and all of his powerful imagery and description make this essay persuade anyone to take his side and make it look like computers aren't really that perfect in the end.

Pascal's Wager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pascal's Wager - Essay Example Pascal's Penses, then, is totally different from conventional reasoning since it endeavors to provide practical reasons for belief in God. Taking the gambler's parlance, Pascal is saying that one should "wager that God exists because it is our best bet (Hajek). According to Ryan (1994), this line of reasoning has roots in the writings of Plato, Arnobius, Lactantius. Pascal's wager, in a nutshell, is: if you believe in God and he does not exist, you share the same fate as those who do not believe in God - death. However, if He does exist, you stand to gain salvation, while the unbeliever still faces a static destiny - death. So the believer, technically, has nothing to lose and all to gain, while the unbeliever whether right or not about his or her wager will only face death in the end. Therefore it is only logical to wager on the choice that makes the most sense - belief in God. It, in a sense is a philosophical win-win situation. Pascal maintains that we are incapable of knowing whether God exists or not, yet we must "wager" one way or the other. Reason cannot settle which way we should incline, but a consideration of the relevant outcomes supposedly can. Pascal's line of reasoning is intriguing.

Source Essay Health Crisis Obesity Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Source Health Crisis Obesity - Essay Example In the medical world, among the several indicative parameters to determine the well being of a person is through Body Mass Index that is proportionate with his weight and height. A deviation from the normal range signifies that the person is obese. At present, 44 Million adults belong to the obese category, while an additional 6 million more have BMI's, a hundred times more than an obese. Otherwise labeled by the author as "super-obese" (Schloser 240,241). According to several studies conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the rate at which these numbers grow every year does not qualify age, gender, race or even educational level. Currently, it is postulated by CDC, that 37 states in America have obesity rates of over 15%. Accordingly, this is attributed to the fact that good economy renders inexpensive and hefty meals, resulting to an increase volume consumption that is coupled with a sedentary lifestyle. A major point stressed by this article is the lingering e ffect brought about by the advertising industry, resulting to this epidemic no longer responsive to healthy management by conscious choice. Statistics shows that a number of food-joint positions their product in market by offering large portion serving owing to the idea of getting your money's worth.

Discussion questions 1-6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion questions 1-6 - Assignment Example They both involve finding the minimum or maximum in a set of unfamiliar real variables. A good example is how petroleum products are usually transported, that is transportation from production point to the end user involves a wide range of modes of transport which include tank ships, rail tankers and pipelines. Each mode of transport here has disadvantages but are nonetheless each used in the transportation of petroleum products from the source to the end user. I do agree with Dustin in that a vector is a collection of data of the same type. Vectors help in that the minimize repetition and coding if there is a wide range of data of the same type. Vectors are good I that; they remove or add elements; it access character elements by their location indices and they iterate elements through any order. Vectors perform almost the same way as arrays but also give room for expanding. However they take up more memory space than arrays. This is to allow for future growth. This is also true. A vector is indeed a compilation of data of the same type. However, vectors are also implemented as dynamic arrays meaning that their elements can also be accessed using offsets pointers to the elements. Generally, vectors are generally the fastest when it comes to adding, removing and accessing elements from the end sequence. However, in some situations they don’t perform well. These situations include when removing and adding elements in other positions other than the sequence end This is true, an array should also be declared before being implemented. You should feed the compiler what type of array being defined. Arrays take up less space than vectors hence limiting their efficiency. However, arrays are best used when the data is minimal and when removing and adding elements that are not at the end of the sequence. This is true. Arrays are referred to low level abstraction because they cannot be defined and the code

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Analysis - Case Study Example Moreover, his state of having suffered soft muscle tissue damage does not stop him from achieving positive business target. On the other hand, Peter is also ambitious to launch a satellite communication system as part of demonstration of his course. The above is an indication of both personal and physically oriented entrepreneurial characteristic that is also very important for the business sustainability especially during low returns. Despite having been very close friends and learnt in a similar high school, the nature of financial support of the two colleagues is quite distinct. Besides, such an issue does not bar the two friends from achieving financial relationship necessary for a prospective development and sophisticated transformed network. With an effort towards achieving business obligation and future prosperity, Mooney turned down Peter’s offer to purchase for him an electric car and instead decided to invest the amount into the business productive line. It is within the interest of business that the two friends decide to partner with Paul who in turn identifies a vibrant franchise opportunity to a Culligan water treatment system where most parts of the business progress undergo initiation. With the increasing pressure and plans to achieve the business targets, the marketing part of the business as illustrated, the case sees the initiative getting integrated to a prominent business Culligan Man, who is a well know a business person. The above idea shows that a business does not come by investing capital alone, but also by motivating the customers that the business is at the interest of the society. Having conceptualized all the entrepreneurial risks, source of the labor force for water treatment plant was sourced from the business owner. The above shows that the owners have a lot of commitment to the realization of the business objectives. The main source of capital for the

MGM604-0802B-01 Organizational Behavior - Phase 1 Discussion Board Essay

MGM604-0802B-01 Organizational Behavior - Phase 1 Discussion Board - Essay Example servation of Kreitz 2008, p.101, â€Å"just as mono-cropping destroys biological diversity, and, in extreme cases, human as well as natural ecosystems, mono-managing similarly destroys diversity within organizations.† The modern business world has proceeded well beyond the legally protected aspects of diversity such as race, gender and age, to embrace a much broader spectrum of diversity that virtually takes into consideration almost every aspect of human differences (Jayne & Diboye, 2004). Such a broad perspective of diversity requires that diversity be seen as having domestic dimensions and international dimensions. According to Loden and Rosener, 1991, the primary dimensions to domestic diversity are, race, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, physical abilities and characteristics. These differences may be taken as resident differences that is present in the work force of any country, within which operate the secondary dimensions of diversity in the form of work experience, education background, geographic location, military experience, income, marital status, parental status and religious beliefs. Thus while dealing with a training program that addresses diversity to a workforce audience from a nat ional perspective it may be sufficient to consider just the primary dimensions and secondary dimensions of domestic diversity. In a country like the United States of America, where there is a coming together of different cultures and in addressing an international work force, it becomes necessary to understand the international dimensions to diversity that is brought about by the culture or cultures that need to be addressed. Much of our understanding of the international dimensions of diversity is owed to Hofstede and his research project that has enabled us to focus on different cultures and not on the individuals that represent these cultures. The Hofstede understanding of international diversity gives us five dimensions or factors to it, which are power distance,

The acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen Essay

The acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen - Essay Example Glycogen structure is similar to the amylopectin molecule and it is highly branched. The presence of the monomer compounds are identified by both acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. The acid hydrolysis takes place over a period of time. The acid hydrolysis by the mineral acids takes place readily. The acid hydrolysis product is glucose.(Melville and Alsberg 1930). The enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycogen by the a-amylase (a(1 ®Ã‚  4) glucan, 4-glucanohydrolase, E.C.3.2.1.1) cleaves the alpha 1ïÆ'   4 linkage in the glycogen molecule yielding a mixture of glucose, maltose and dextrin at the end. (Barbour, 1929). The alpha 1ïÆ'   6 hydrolysis does not takes place as the enzyme is specific for the alpha 1ïÆ'   4 cleavage. As the hydrolysis occurs in a random manner, a variety of the products are formed. (Plummer, 2001).In both the hydrolysis procedures the end product differs. The glucose is the only compound in acid hydrolysis whereas in the enzymatic hydrolysis glucose, maltose and dextrin are the products. The end products are reducing sugars hence the estimation of the reducing sugars is carried out by the Dinitro salicylic acid method. The increase in the number of the reducing sugar production as the hydrolysis takes place is determined by the Dinitro salicylic acid method. The reducing sugars have free carbonyl group with them. This free carbonyl group is oxidized by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). Simultaneously the DNS is reduced to 3-amino,5-nitrosalicylic acid under alkaline conditions. This is a basic redox reaction. (Miller, 1959). The reducing sugars are easily measured by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. According to the Lambert Beer’s law, the concentration of the solution is directly proportional to its optical density. So if the absorbing index of a particular solution is known then the concentration of the given solution at that particular wavelength can be determined by measuring the optical

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Land law - Essay Example The major factor that will be taken into consideration by the Courts is how the Covenant is drafted. In the case of Martin v David Wilson Homes ltd2, the use of the word â€Å"a† in the covenant denoted a greater deal of flexibility than the use of the word â€Å"one† in the case of Crest Nicholson v McAllister3, where the Covenant was deemed to be fully enforceable. In this case, the drafting of the Covenant is very clear that the property is not to be used to set up licensed premises such as a bar and will be strictly enforceable, especially because it is also registered, and therefore negate the young couple’s purpose in purchasing the property. If Maggie and Dave choose to ignore the restrictive covenant and continue with building a bar on the premises, it could be demolished, as was the case in Mortimer and Another v Bailey and Another4, a restrictive covenant was successfully enforced to demolish a building. However working in their favor is the recent case of Sugarman and Porter and Others5 where an existing restrictive covenant on a property was deemed to be valid only up to the period the land remained unsold. In order for a restrictive covenant to be enforceable against subsequent owners such as Maggie and Dave, the land benefiting from the Covenant must be identifiable, but in this case the neighboring land belongs to a brewery which is not likely to benefit from the restrictive covenant against a bar on the premises. It is not immediately clear who can press for enforcement of this restrictive covenant, which was the same issue raised in the case of Crest.6 Maggie and Dave can also invoke the provisions of Section 84 of the Land and property Act of 1925, under which the Lands Tribunal may modify or discharge a restrictive covenant on a freehold title where over 40 years have passed. An application can be made by the young couple on the grounds that the existing covenant is an obstruction on the reasonable use of the property which

The Relationship between Working Parents and Children Socialization Essay Example for Free

The Relationship between Working Parents and Children Socialization Essay First Part The Problem of the Study and its Importance The importance of this study arises from its subject socialization, which hardly reflects many social, cultural and political problems that any society may live at any stage of its history, where during socialization process transferring the values and norms of society in which he wished planted in the hearts of its citizens to preserve the entity and deal with its problems. About Kuwaiti society it seems more important in this period of its history, which saw open to the world cultures out side Kuwaiti state and seek with global problems, that period also increased the degree of urbanization and complexity in the social systems that simple traditional Arab society, which was based on direct relations and Layout and tribal system, but now they have become the socialization process more difficult and complex and become dangerous, because women left for work and hiring nannies foreigners in the upbringing of children, which led to the shrinking role of the family in the process of generations socialization. The family is the first and the largest social institution that carry responsibility is rearing generations, but unique in some stages of its history. The family is the social association consists of a husband, wife and children or without children. may also consist of the husband alone with a children or wife alone, with their children. The family has expanded to include grandparents, and some relatives to be involved in one living with the husband and wife and children (Ogburn Nimkoff, 1995). The family may be defined as the smallest, organized, and most basic durable network of survival (Stackm 1996, P.31) we define family as any group of people related either biologically, emotionally, or legally. That is, the group of people that the patient defines as significant for his or her well-being (McDaniel et al., 2005, P.2). As the social environment in which the child relates to outside world, and responsible for giving the child attributes and characteristics of his personality and the styles parents in the upbringing consequent results reflected in the extremely important on the personality of children as well as the type of relationship that grows between parents and children and how the transaction is a significant factor included in the formation of the childs personality. (CM. Felming 1999, P26). The family is the first social unit, which carry the responsibility of upbringing children and trying to provide them with characteristics and attributes that help them to be good citizens in society, as well as prepare them socially to be able to confront live conditions and have the ability to face the problems met during their daily lives, also the family permissive atmosphere may satisfy children emotional needs, because if the child feel safe and trust in the family , it makes him adjustment with their people around him. The socialization process of preparing the individual from birth, to be a social and a member in society. The family is the first environment responsible this preparation by receiving child, learn him social behavior and learn native language and cultural heritage as customs, traditions, social traditions and take, it seems resistance to these specifications and values in the same ones arise as a viable member of society and the family in this would hardly have an environment in which the other. Young humans are the most helpless of all creatures: unable to feed themselves, walk, and talk for many months, and not fully independent for many years. Young children have the biological potential to learn human skills, but they cannot do so alone. The few known cases of children reared in isolation – children who survived with absolute minimum care – indicate that humans cannot even learn to walk without social contact.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nature of early human interaction was of particular interest to the American Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, Cooley developed the concept of the â€Å"looking-glass-self† – the idea that we develop individual identity by how others see us, Mead elaborated on this idea with his notion of significant others – people whose judgments are important to us. Children first shape their behavior according to norms enforced by significant others. In time, they obey guidelines on their own. They have developed a conscience through a process that sociologists call internalization. Human learn the ways of the society from agents of socialization. The most important of these in a child’s early years is the family. Through it, the child acquires the first statuses and rules (son or daughter, brother or sister) and learns basic values and norms. (for instance – sex role socialization – the different behaviors expected of male and female). At an early age, at least, a child is also exposed to other agents – television. While tv entertains and communicates knowledge, it also imparts values such as competitiveness and violence as a solution to problems. Communities are different like social and educational institutions in the path taken by the methods and means of the practice of socialization of its members in an attempt to preserve its existence and transfer of their culture and their heritage to future generations, and families are different in the educational methods and ways of socialization, which parents deals with their children in the daily situations of for controlling their behavior and orientation and acquisition of the desired behavioral patterns derived from religion, language, values, traditions and knowledge of parents, and this difference is due to several factors, some of them related to parents themselves the educational and cultural level and the level of economic and social status of the family and other factors related to the construction of culture and circumstances of the family addition the parents acquired during their childhood and their educational and life experience, as well as the conditions of society itself and the degree of urbanization faced by the goals it seeks to achieve. The changes that have taken place in Arab Society in General and Kuwaiti society in particular led to the effects of direct and indirect on socialization process which, the Kuwaiti society is a homogeneous society has cultural identity and religious and nationality Kuwaiti society affected by global changes and the culture of the neighboring States, both in patterns Conduct or social practices, which led to changes in methods of socialization for social change undergone by the community must be taken into account in the study of socialization trying to understand the methods and the associated problems where family relations in general is linked to culture and prevailing conditions of society, so a social studies confirm a change in the pattern of relations prevailing in the Arab society in general and in particular the Gulf society and the Saudi society as one of the society that have undergone a period of rapid economic and social change over the past decades, what to call the peri od of economic boom. These socioecomic changes included cultural changes, including family pattern of dealing in particular with regard to the authority of the father in the family, which led to some sort of disagreement among some families in terms of decision-making in many things related to children. (Abd El Aziz El Shatry, 2004. P12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socialization is a learning process that begins shortly after birth.   Early childhood is the period of the most intense and the most crucial socialization.   It is then that we acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture.   It is also when much of our personality takes shape.   However, we continue to be socialized throughout our lives.   As we age, we enter new statuses  and need to learn the appropriate roles  for them.   We also have experiences that teach us lessons and potentially lead us to alter our expectations, beliefs, and personality.   For instance, the experience of being raped is likely to cause a woman to be distrustful of others. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking around the world, we see that different cultures use different techniques to socialize their children.   There are two broad types of teaching methodsformal and informal.  Ã‚  Formal education  is what primarily happens in a classroom.   It usually is structured, controlled, and directed primarily by adult teachers who are professional knowers.   In contrast,  informal education  can occur anywhere.   It involves imitation of what others do and say as well as experimentation and repetitive practice of basic skills.   This is what happens when children role-play adult interactions in their games. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of the crucial early socialization throughout the world is done informally under the supervision of women and girls.   Initially, mothers and their female relatives are primarily responsible for socialization.   Later, when children enter the lower school grades, they are usually under the control of women teachers.   In North America and some other industrialized nations, baby-sitters are most often teenage girls who live in the neighborhood.   In other societies, they are likely to be older sisters or grandmothers. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 1950s, Margaret Mead led an extensive field study of early socialization practices in six different societies.   They were the Gusii  Ã‚  of Kenya, the Rajputs  Ã‚  of India, the village of Taira  Ã‚  on the island of Okinawa in Japan, the Tarong  Ã‚  of the Philippines, the Mixteca  Ã‚  Indians of  central Mexico, and a New England community that was given the pseudonym Orchardtown.   All of these societies shared in common the fact that they were relatively homogeneous culturally.   Two general conclusions emerged from this study.   First, socialization practices varied markedly from society to society.    Second, the socialization practices were generally similar among people of the same society.   This is not surprising since people from the same culture and community are likely to share core values and perceptions.   In addition, we generally socialize our children in much the same way that our parents socialized us.   Margaret Mead and her fellow researchers found that different methods were used to control children in these six societies.   For instance, the Gusii primarily used fear and physical punishment.   In contrast, the people of Taira used parental praise and the threat of withholding praise.   The Tarong mainly relied on teasing and scaring. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm As the shift from extended family to nuclear family in Kuwaiti society to maximize family responsibility of the couple, house wife, who become people to become directly responsible for the care of all the affairs, which doubled because of increasing demands of modern life and the consequent accumulation of burdens also economic and social changes in Kuwaiti society and increasing opportunities for education and awareness among women led to participate in bearing the burden of living life by coming to work. Increasing women coming to work led to a change of roles within the family and led to the women to do anther works and roles, which impact on the care and socialization of children. The woman going out to work has important implications for building family. Human infants are born in our world without any culture, tradition or religion.   They must be transformed by their parents, teachers, and others into cultural and socially adept animals.   The general process of acquiring culture is referred to as  socialization.   During socialization, we learn the language of the culture  we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life.   For instance, girls learn how to be daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers.   In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their society has in store for them. We also learn and usually adopt our cultures norms  through the socialization process.  Ã‚  Norms  are the conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society.   While socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologists use the term  enculturation  Ã‚  for the process of being socialized to a particular culture.   You were enculturated to your specific culture by your parents and the other people who raised you. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm Socialization is important in the process of personality  formation.   While much of human personality is the result of our genes, the socialization process can mold it in particular directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well as selectively providing experiences.   These very likely accounts for much of the difference between the common personality types in one society which is in comparison to one another.   For instance, the Semai  tribesmen of the central Malay Peninsula of Malaysia typically are gentle people who do not like violent, aggressive individuals.   In fact, they avoid them whenever possible. In contrast, the Yanomamà ¶Ã‚  Indians on the border area between Venezuela and Brazil usually train their boys to be tough and aggressive.   The ideal Yanomamà ¶ man does not shrink from violence and strong emotions.   In fact, he seeks them out.   Likewise, Shiite Muslim men of Iran are expected at times to publicly express their religious faith through the emotionally powerful act of self-inflicted pain. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even try to make appropriate and balance between working inside and outside the family including the following: Womens work leads to a redistribution of roles within the family and its profound impact on husband and wife psychology as well as its impact on children. Often accompanied by womens employment and redistribution of roles within the family conflict in these roles, which is reflected negatively children social up brining who leave and the woman going out to work where their ambitions in education and desire to occupy the highest positions from the point of her desire to marriage and independence the second makes it confuse two different things so that one at the expense of the other spouse publicized that the family unit is losing its essential component and thus begin differences that lead to conflict. Womens work may lead to increase the divorce rate and complains the courts due to marital troubles and problems, which could be seen as a result of disagreement between traditional values that put in the hands of men influence power and authority the new circumstances that opens new horizons for women. Accompanied of womens employment some problems as crime and juvenile delinquent as due to children left for domestic and nannies to care weaken social upbringing. Weaken values and religious values in addition to the effective of control of the parents of children with a sense of vacuum, all that highlights the social problems that lead children to deviance (Rafaat Besher, 2003, P.24). As the women employment in Kuwaiti state, and in the absence of sufficient nurseries have qualified supervision, as well as the economic boom, led to the hiring nannies and servants who carry out social service and welfare of children and their development and it is further bad that these nurses and workers from foreign countries differ culture, customs, traditions and the culture of healthy habits and the Kuwaiti society which has had a negative effect, including. (Ministry Of Working And Social Affairs, 1983, P60). Feeling of alienation and loss of children due to parental negligence. Lack of strong correlation and ties with one or both parents. Distribution of children between parents and nannies. Conflicting methods of socialization. Wide spreading of western social values which are different from the Kuwaiti values. Exposure to educational methods wrong. Impact the natural language acquisition and false information. The effects of foreign nannies seem in spreading of many of the practices and habits of Western society, which negatively affects the behavior patterns prevailing. Newspapers have several and numerous ethical and behavioral problems that occurred and practiced by servants and nannies and their impact on the upbringing of children (Refaat Bacheer, 2003, P. 243). Second Part Objectives of the study and its purposes The present study aims at identify the nature of socialization process and important techniques and methods of socialization that used by the family with working woman and other without working woman, also identifying factors effect on the nature of socialization. Purposes of the study 1- Identifying techniques and methods of socialization that was used by Kuwait families with their children. 2- Disclosure of the great differences between socialization techniques and methods of families with working woman and others without working woman. 3- The impact of the use of foreign nannies on the socialization of Kuwaiti child. 4- Identifying the affected factors on socialization process of Kuwait child. Third Part Questions of the Study What are the techniques and methods of socialization used by Kuwaiti family with children? and is there any different between these techniques and methods in both families with working woman and other without working woman ? What is the impact of using foreign nannies on socialization process for Kuwaiti child ? What is the impact of working woman on socialization process for Kuwaiti child? What are the main factors that affect a child’s socialization process in Kuwait? Fourth part Methodology of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present study concerns with collecting data by using multi approaches through literature review related to the study problem,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interview, social survey by sample way, schedule for two samples of families one of them includes working woman while other without working woman. In the following, the researcher will address, in detail, the study methodology : Literature review : The first step to conduct the present study is to shed light on literature review related to the study subject whether it focuses on socialization process or focuses on working woman in the Arab Gulf societies in general and in particular in Kuwaiti society. This part literature review will form and help the quality and design the study methodology. Family survey and interviews: The present study depends on social survey method to answer the study questions and to achieve its goals, also social survey may aims at identifying techniques and methods used by Kuwaiti families to social up bringing their children. Also the effect of using foreign nannies on socialization process for children. Social survey also will provide with information and experiences about these subjects, and describe the current situation, design plan or program for social reform. Finally it helps to understand the study problem and factors caused it (Robert Barker , 1999, P, 32) Sample: The researcher will select about (200) family to conduct the present study from Kuwaiti society, (100) of them has working woman and (100) family has non working woman. Sample of working wives work in the Ministry of Educational , the researcher will select similar sample taking in considerations the following variables : Disclosure of the great differences of families with working woman and the other families without working woman. Duration of the marriage is not less than 15 years. The existence of children, so the family should consists of not less than (3) children and their aged not les than (12) years. Data collectors The researcher will collect data by himself; he will meet families by using schedule interview. Data collection instruments: Questionnaires Recorder Handouts and Guides The schedule of Interview It consists of: Primary data Techniques and methods used by families in bringing up their children. The impact of working woman in socialization of their children Family suggestions to meet social problems due to working woman. Data Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data analysis will use quantitative analysis of certain transactions transact   such as statistical ratio / middle / standard deviations , K2 / correlations, as well as qualitative analysis of the study data. The first and most important consideration in designing a study is its objectives. Statistical inference in particular, tests of statistical significance may be of little interest, in which case statistical power need not be considered in determining the sample size needed. A researcher may instead wish to monitor a particular area mainly as a descriptive tool. If data are gathered in a standardized fashion (Ralph et al.1993), the data from one area can contribute to regional or national monitoring programs, which likely have statistical inference as an objective. In many cases the number of stations will be limited by available resources or by the physical areas of interest. Some researchers will be able to establish one, or at most, a couple of demographic monitoring stations. In those cases placement of the station will usually be constrained by the location and size of the place of interest, by the density of the people of special concern, or be centered on the location of the families or persons of interest. Power calculations and sample size calculations both rely on the presumed magnitude of the effect in question. Clearly, the greater the presumed effect, the greater the power will be to detect that effect, and, conversely, the smaller the necessary sample size to detect an effect at a parental power. The difficulty here is that the true difference between groups is unknown, and furthermore one cannot necessarily use the observed magnitude of an effect (e.g., observed difference between two groups) as the criterion for judging power. The following is a selective review of some statistical terms relevant to a researcher conducting a monitoring study. Our intention here is to re- acquaint the reader with terms and principles that may have rested dormant for many years. Accuracy An estimator is accurate if it produces estimates that are, on average, close to the true value, i.e., without bias or with a minimum of bias. Accuracy is independent of precision (below). An estimate can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, or both accurate and precise. The difficulty is that often the true value is unknown and therefore accuracy is difficult to judge, except for simulated data where an investigator knows the true values. Bias The difference between the average estimate (more precisely, the expected value of the estimate) and the true value. Bias is not the same as à ¬errorà ®, rather it is one kind of error, systematic error. If an estimate is as likely to be an overestimate as it is to be an underestimate, the estimator in question is unbiased, even though there will always be error associated with an estimate. To minimize bias would, by de?nition, maximize accuracy. Precision Refers to the variability of the estimate: the smaller the variability (and thus the smaller the standard error) of the estimate, the greater the precision. As mentioned above, precision is independent of accuracy. An estimate can be very precise, but wildly inaccurate (i.e., strongly biased). Type I and Type II errors Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is correct is committing a Type I error. The probability of committing a Type I error is symbolized and is the significance level of a test of statistical inference. Duration of the study: It begins from selecting sample and collecting data; literature review and writing the final report of the study. Fifth part Time plan May Literature review June July August Identifying / selecting sample September October Design data collection instruments viability / validity November December Schedule test January Data collection February March April Data correction May Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis June July Writing the research report August SIX PART: References Abd El Baset Mohamed Hassan, Social Research, Cairo , Wahba library, 1998. Abd El Aziz El Shatry , Family and its, Roles in Behavioral guidenc, ouet, Monhal Journal No, 563, 2001. B. Hurlock, Development of psychology, New Delhi , Mc Grow Hull , Publishing co, 1993. M, Felming, Adolesnt, social psychology , London, Rotelds kegan poul, 1999. Ibrahim Madkor, Social science Dictionary, Cairo, Publish institution for Books, 1990. Ministry of social Affairs on marking, the impact of foreign sisters , on the question family, Kuwait, 1993. McDaniel, S.H., Cambell, T.L., Hepworth, J., Lorenz, A. Family-oriented primary care (2nd ed). New York, NY: Springer , 2005. Stack, C.B. All our kin. New york, NY : Basic Books, 1996. Ogburn Nimkoff, technology and changing family, Cambridge , mass, 1955. Refat Besheer, social change in Arab gulf country , Dueit , Zot El salasl, 1987 Robert Barsker, Social work Dictionary, Washington N.A.S.W, 1999 Refe (united Nations Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved July 11, 2005, From http://www.un.org/overview/rights.html , 1948.

Resource worksheet Essay Example for Free

Resource worksheet Essay Student resources include a variety of helpful sites and tools that can be of assistance when completing assignments, connecting to other students, and searching for careers. Complete this table regarding student resources provided by the university. In the first column, identify where the resource can be found. In the second column, summarize each resource in at least one sentence. When you are finished with the matrix, answer the follow-up question in part B. Part A: Resources Scavenger Hunt Student resource Where found Summary of the resource Syllabus The syllabus is found up on the right hand corner of the 1-9 weeks colum. The syllabus is where I can find out what assignments are do, get instructions on how to do them and when they are due as well. Class Policies Class policies are found on the classroom homepage and in the course overview box. The policies basically break s down all of the classroom rules, from late assignment to participation points and consiqences. University Library This is found at the very top of the page with home,classroom, programs and more. The library is where I can find the center of writing excellence, writepiont, along with others and do any type of school research. University Academic Catalog This is found at the very top of the page under program in the my program section. The Academic catalog is where I can find the most current programs, along with all school policies. University Learning Goals Life Resource Center This is found on the home page under quick links. This basically where I can come for support, where I canget online or telephone counceling, life and career coaching as well as locate resources. Phoenix Career Services Is found at the very top of the page next to â€Å" phoenixconnect†, under Careers. This is where I can search the job market, do some career planning, build a resume and much more. Student Workshops This found on the homepage under quick links and is also located under the Library tab in the useful links box in the student resource guide. Here is where I can go to improve on my basic skills that are important for success at university of phoenix. PhoenixConnect This is found in the very top column on the page next to account, and careers. PhoenixConnect is a social network where I can share things about myself, learn things about others and connect with my peers. Technical Support phone number Technical support is found at the very bottom of the page under, â€Å"Report a problem†, in the the â€Å"Contact us’ category. This is where I can go to get help with any type of problems that im having with my computer, or on the site. They walk you through it step by step. Part B: Follow-Up Question Based on the resources in the table, what are the attendance, posting, and participation requirements for the university? Based on the resources in the tablethe attendance requirement is that you must post atleast one message on two separate days of the week to be in attendance for the week. For participation it varies depending on what program your in, and for me being in the associates program I would need to post two messgaes on 3 separate days of the week for me to get participation credit.

Policing Human Trafficking: Issues

Policing Human Trafficking: Issues Written for the Home Office Challenges of policing sex trafficking Sex Trafficking is a hidden and very complex crime. On this account, the lack of awareness, knowledge and a legal definition about this crime makes, policing sex trafficking, a challenge. This briefing paper will approach the issues encountered when policing sex trafficking in the United Kingdom. Special points of interest Effectiveness of the National Referral Mechanism Support victims effectively UK Border Agency backlog Lack of authorized agencies Lack of awareness and knowledge Care for child victims Inside this issue The National Referral Mechanism Recovery Time The UK Border Agency backlog First Responders Identify victims Legislation Accommodation for Child Victims Definition of Human Trafficking According to the Palermo Protocol, the definition of human trafficking is: ‘the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power, or a position of vulnerability, or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal or organs’ (Palermo Protocol, 2011) There are three main elements to define Human Trafficking. The movement which is the transportation or recruitment of persons, the control which reflects the coercion, use of force, threat or payment method to control a person, and the purpose thins being the exploitation of a person through forced labour, the removal of organs, slavery and sexual exploitation.(UKHTC, 2013) Human trafficking is often seen as an international cross-border, but it can also exist human trafficking within your own country. (UKHTC, 2013) The National Referral Mechanism Recovery Time The National Referral Mechanism (NRM) purpose is to identify victims of trafficking and give them protection and assistance. To be engage in the NRM process, the potential victims of trafficking will generally have to be identified by the front line practitioners or First Responders such as the police force or the UK Agency Border, etc. (UKHTC, 2013) When a potential victim of trafficking is referred to the NRM by an authorised agency, the Competent Authorities – UK Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC) or UK Border Agency (UKBA) – has to make a ‘reasonable grounds’ decision, which is decide whether a person is a victim of trafficking even if they cannot prove it in only up to five days. (UKHTC, 2013) If the decision is positive, the potential victim of trafficking will be granted a period of 45 days to recover from the traumatic events and reflect upon decisions such as whether co-operate with the police, go home, etc. (UKHTC, 2013) Several studies have identified the serious and complex mental health needs of victims of human trafficking. Victims of sex trafficking have often experienced, or confronted with events that included actual or threatened death or serious injury (Clawson, et al, 2008). According the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the victim’s response to these events involves fear and feelings of withdrawn. The APA considers these reactions and exposure to trauma, two of the main criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Table 1 shows the percentage of trafficked women with these symptoms. For an official diagnosis take place, the symptoms must to persist for over a month. PTSD usually presents itself within the first three months after a traumatic event and in about half of victims, a complete recovery take place within three months (American Psychiatric Association, 2005). The UK Border Agency backlog The aims of the UKBA are the law enforcement in order to protect the national interests, protecting the UK’s border, solving crimes such as immigration, smuggling and border tax fraud, and executing fast and fair decisions. (UKBA, 2013) If a potential victim of human trafficking has an unclear immigration status the victim will be referred to the Competent Authorities in the UKBA. These Competent Authorities in the UKBA work mainly with asylum issues. Since asylum and human trafficking cases are dealt in different ways and have different processes, these two roles could create a backlog of work contradicting their duty of executing fast and fair decisions. (Victims of Human Trafficking – guidance for frontline staff, 2013) In evidence to the Centre for Social Justice, a Competent Authority of the UKBA stated that ‘It’s difficult if you’re working on asylum cases to get the other work done†¦you’re constantly interrupted.’ (2013, p.78) ‘It’s difficult if you’re working on asylum cases to get the other work  done†¦you’re constantly interrupted.’ (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) The statistics show that the UKBA in 2012 had 33,900 backlog asylum cases and 7,000 backlog immigration cases that it needs to be concluded. Table 2 shows the asylum and immigration backlog casework. Many people have waited many years to know the result of their applications. The number of asylum seekers waiting for a decision for more than six months is 53% and the 3% is the number of cases that were concluded within a year. Table 3 shows the number of dependent applicants waiting more than 6 months for an initial decision. (Parliament, 2013) First Responders All the agencies and organisations that are more likely to encounter victims of trafficking are considered the First Responders. Therefore, they are authorized agencies to refer the victims of trafficking to the NRM. The NRM was introduced in 2009 and since that, the number of authorized agencies or First Responders increased. (SOCA, 2013) Chris Good, a former Youth Offending Team Senior Practitioner of Ashfield in evidence for the Centre for Social Justice stated ‘No-one in the community completes a NRM referral ahead of remand, hence the YOT have had to do it despite being officially unable to.’(2013, p.72) The Young Offender Institutions (YOIs) have identified a number of young people within their institutions, who were not referred to the NRM and with characteristics of a victim of trafficking. The problem is that the YOIs are not authorized to refer these victims to the NRM. (The Centre for Social Justice, 2013) ‘No-one in the community completes a NRM referral ahead of remand, hence the YOT have had to do it despite being officially unable to.’ (Chris Good, former YOT Senior) Identify victims In the UK, the identification of a victim of trafficking is based on two approaches: one is based on having sufficient evidence for prosecuting the crime of traffic of human beings, and another is under the NRM. The Home Office provides a set of guidelines on how to identify victims of trafficking, but there are no formal training given to the authorities indicating what issues they must look for. (GRETA, 2012) The Minister of Immigration is who deal with the human trafficking. This could influence the misperception of what human trafficking is. However, there is evidence suggesting that even police officers have a lack of knowledge and awareness related to crimes of sex trafficking. In evidence for the Centre for Social Justice, the Deputy Chief Constable of Sussex Police stated ‘One girl escaped from a brothel and went to a police station to tell that she had been trafficked. She had no passport. Under these circumstances, we choose to arrest her for being and illegal immigrant.’ (2013, p.84) ‘One girl escaped from a brothel and went to a police station to tell that she had been trafficked. She had no passport. Under these circumstances, we choose to arrest her for being and illegal immigrant.’ Giles York, Deputy Chief Constable In 1997, the Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women (GAATW), after conducted a research into trafficking of women, affirmed that collect evidence on crimes of women trafficking was almost impossible due to a lack of a consistent and precise definition of women trafficking and the criminal nature of prostitution. (Doezema, 2000) Generally speaking, the adversarial system existent in the UK states that a person is innocent until proven guilty. (Davies, et al., 2010) Taking this into account, having the knowledge of how to identify a victim of human trafficking is essential to support, assist and combat crimes of human trafficking. (Hope for Justice, 2013) Legislation The Sexual Offences Act 2003 under the sections 57, 58 and 59 define the trafficking for sexual exploitation a crime when, an individual traffick a person into the UK (Section 57), an individual traffick a person within the UK (Section 58) and an individual traffick a person out of the UK (Section 59). (SOCA, 2013) The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 define a crime for trafficking human beings within the UK if an individual arrange or facilitate the arrival into the UK of a victim, and intend or know that someone else intends, to exploit the victim in the UK or elsewhere. (Crown Prosecution Service, 2013) The fact that the requirement needed to prosecute someone for trafficking within the UK is to prove that the individual was first trafficked into the UK is a barrier for successful prosecutions. Table 2 shows the number of Human Trafficking convictions in England and Wales between 2009 and 2011 on a principle offence basis. (Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking, 2012) Accommodation for child victims After a child been identified as a victim of human trafficking they will be referred to an agency with statutory powers for child protection such as the police or the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) to provide secure safety to them. Under The Children Act 1989, section 17 the local authority has the duty to safeguard the welfare of children in their area. (Children Act 1989, 2008) The needs of a child will dictate the accommodation given by the local authorities, such as foster care, children’s homes or unsupervised care (hotels or hostels). (CEOP, 2007) Despite the fact that there is little information about on trafficked children going missing from care the APPG for Runaway and Missing Children and Adults and the APPG for Looked After Children and Care Leavers estimates that 60% of potential child victims on care by local authorities go missing and nearly two thirds are never found. (APPG for Runaway and Missing Children and Adults and the APPG for Looked After Children and Care Leavers, 2012) The APPG affirmed that one of the reason for children go missing from the care of their local authorities is ‘that they are groomed so effectively by their traffickers that the children are so terrified of what might happen to them or their families if they break their bond or tell the authorities that they run back to their traffickers.’ (2012, p.13) However, under the section 47 of The Children Act 1989 the local authorities must start an investigation if a child is ‘suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm’ (The Children Act 1989, section 47). Although, as it was mentioned previously in this briefing paper, the lack of knowledge by the authorities about human trafficking and, in this particular case, about trafficked children makes the identification and investigation hard to be successful. Psychological treatment for children The accommodation support is not the only failure of the government officers. As it was mentioned previously, the impact of exploitation in victims’ minds is immense and it could take years for a complete recovery. In evidence to the Centre for Social Justice, one foster carer spoke about the lack of available counsellor to support those children in her care. In a certain case, instead of wait so long for a counsellor, the foster carer decided to pay a private one with her own money. (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) The manager of the Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) said to the Centre for Social Justice that they have so much pressure that the most difficult cases tend to stay behind. (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) Conclusion This briefing paper explored several points where policing human trafficking in the UK is failing and how it could be improved. The need of a more specific definition of human trafficking is an important step to raise awareness and increase knowledge among the public and all the government officers in order to give an effective response to victims of trafficking. Victims of exploitation are very vulnerable persons, and for that reason, First Responders need to have a practical training to understand how to deal with a victim of exploitation. Having specialized government officers at places where there is a large likelihood of finding victims of trafficking is essential. With proper training the officers will increase the chance of prosecute and convict offenders of human trafficking. The law in the UK for human trafficking should be defined in one way and not in several parts thereby creating confusion for those who deal with trafficked victims. Have the knowledge on how to support and take care of child and adults victims of trafficking is essential to prepare them for a new life and to gain ability to prosecute offenders with success. Give psychological support to both adult and children should be well implemented to protect the national interests. Recommendations Define the number of days depending on the intensity of trauma of the victims of trafficking Divide the immigration, asylum and human trafficking cases between different departments within the UK Border Agency Increase the number of agencies with authority to refer victims of trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism The Minister of Immigration should no longer deal with human trafficking cases and pass that administration to Policing and Criminal Justice Minister in the Home Office. Provide more practical training for First Responders Create awareness and sensitize the public and First Responders Make sure that First Responders are aware of what human trafficking is and how to respond to victims of human trafficking. Reinforce policing in after care of children victims of trafficking Supply faster counselling to children References American Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (2010) Evidence-Based Mental Health Treatment for Victims of Human Trafficking. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/mentalhealth/index.pdf (Accessed: 5 May 2013) APPG (2012) Report from the joint Inquiry into children who go missing from care. Available at: http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/u32/joint_appg_inquiry_-_reportpdf (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Centre for Social Justice (2013) It Happens Here. Centre for Social Justice. Available at: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Slavery_Full_Report_WEB(5).pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2013) CEOP (2007) A Scoping Project on Child Trafficking in the UK. London: Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre Available at: http://polis.osce.org/library/f/2973/1500/GOV-GBR-RPT-2973-EN-1500 (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Clawson, H. J., Dutch, N. M., and Williamson, E. (2008). National symposium on the health needs of human trafficking: Background document. Washington, DC. Crown Prosecution Service (2013) Human Trafficking and Smuggling. Available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/human_trafficking_and_smuggling/#a10 (Accessed: 16 May 2013) Davies, M., Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (2010) Criminal Justice. (4th edn.) Harlow: Longman Doezema, J. (2000). ‘Loose or Lost Women? The Re-emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking in Women.’ Gender Issues 18(1): 23-50. GRETA (2012) Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the United Kingdom. Strasbourg: Cedex Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/download.action;jsessionid=gzYqRMcKJNWh9Tx9Thjv69Cs9mmWpwLvgX38LkPQFG51ssv11Th3!1062222535?nodePath=%2FPublications%2FGRETA_Report+United+Kingdom+2012_en.pdffileName=GRETA_Report+United+Kingdom+2012_en.pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2013) Hope for Justice (2013) Human Trafficking Briefing. Available at: http://hopeforjustice.org.uk/human-trafficking-briefing#human-trafficking-briefing (Accessed: 1 May 2013) Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group (2012) First annual report of the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking. Home Office Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/118116/human-trafficking-report.pdf (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Legislation.gov.uk (2008) Children Act 1989. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Parliament (2013) The work of the UK Border Agency (July-September 2012). Home Affairs. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/792/79205.htm#023 (Accessed: 10 May 2013) SOCA (2013) An Overview of Human Trafficking. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/an-overview-of-human-trafficking (Accessed: 1 May 2013) SOCA (2013) National Referral Mechanism. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/national-referral-mechanism (Accessed: 1 May 2013) SOCA (2013) Sexual Offecences Act 2003. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/relevant-legislation/sexual-offences-act-2003 (Accessed: 1 May 2013) The Palermo Protocol (2011) The Palermo Protocol. Available at: http://www.palermoprotocol.com/general/the-palermo-protocol (Accessed: 1 May 2013) UKBA (2013) Our Organisation. Available at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/aboutus/organisation/  (Accessed: 5 May 2013) UKBA (2013) Victims of Trafficking – guidance for frontline staff. Home Office. Available at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/modernised/cross-cut/protecting-vulnerable/04-victimstrafficking?view%253DBinary.28357810ECEA7B1C20CBF76CFF49144E.html (Accessed: 5 May 2013) Is Memory a Constructive and Active Process? Is Memory a Constructive and Active Process? Joane Cree Memory is a constructive and active process’ Evaluate this claim, drawing upon evidence from Chapter 8. of Book 1, Mapping Psychology Memories are part of people that grow and develop overtime, through everyday life and the[p1] experience that they have. They are vital in that they tell people how to react to certain situations and the people that they encounter along the way. Memories can allow people to effectively cope with social situations, and choose the best behaviour to suit the situation. They allow people to remember rules or safety information, to keep themselves and other safe. A lot of the feelings about a situation that people have come from previous knowledge of how they felt or what happened to them at that time. They can make experiences more stressful, but they can also build up confidence or make them feel more nervous. Memories provide people with information to allow them to make decisions, they allow them to plan their lives and help them to understand their own personalities as well as others. Therefore they are apart of the people they are and the people that they will become. This essay wil l look at memory as being a dynamic and active process rather than just a mechanism for storing information. A cognitive perspective on memory is not easy to investigate, as it cannot be observed directly. A variety of methods are used to provide evidence and explanations into understanding structures and theories of the mind. These include controlled laboratory experiments, quasi-experiments, field experiments, diary studies and cross-sectional studies, using insider as well as outsider viewpoints. Useful comparative information can be found by looking at case studies of memory deficits. Memory researchers have developed various theories to help to understand what regions of the brain are involved in making memories, and memory operating processes, how memories are constructed and how these are not always remembered exactly in the memory as they happened. They provide an illustration on how we are constituted by experiences and how this affects behaviour. You need a reference to Pheonix here (Pheonix 2007) Researchers have found three key memory processes, which work together to process information. These include encoding processes, storage processes and lastly retrieval processes. A(s a)ll three of these processes work with each other, but how well the information is remembered depends on how well it was encoded. Encoding information involves putting information into the memory to store it. Using a visual appearance, a sound of a word or the meaning of the word, or a skill action, which is then transferred into a code. Once an experience is coded, storage processes retain the coded information in the memory, and it is then used to form internal representations, when it is matched with something seen.( Using the retrieval process the information is) Retrieval involves taking (en) from the memory store. It is then recognised and recalled by the memory. Research completed by William James (1890), looked at a primary memory permitting conscious activity in the mind and also a secondary m emory which was responsible for storing the knowledge. Further research provided three sub-sections, sensory memory, short term and long-term memory Need another reference to Brace and Roth here. Memory is active, can be selective and constructive[p2], but the memory does depend on the brain functioning, and memory research has shown that experiences and ongoing cognitive functions can affect the brain biologically. Experiences in the environment can also contribute to our biological being. Leading researcher Albert Bartlett believed in constructive memory, and he rejected the idea that memory involves us replaying peoples experiences of the past. This again suggests that memories grow though out peoples lives. Bartlett completed a study involving a story ‘The war of the ghosts’, from this study Bartlett found when they were asked to recall this story, that the story they told was different to the original one. He believed the errors to the story were the result of going beyond what was explicitly stated in the story. Bartlett later suggested from his research that when we are given new materials, we use previous knowledge/ past experience to make sense of it, â €˜effort after meaning’. His work demonstrated how the information stored in the memory and its accuracy could be affected by people’s own knowledge and experience of their life. His ideas have lead to further research taken place into the memory being a constructive rather than a reproductive process. That the memory is more active and has different components, not just a store for information. Future memories will not be exactly the same as past ones, the memory of an event can change over time when given new information, so it needs to be flexible. Memories of past events can be re constructed so may not be accurate in how it is remembered or recalled. This is a constructive rather than a reproductive system. Another argument by researchers is that experiences become memories and memories become structure, they are however inter- linked. Both of these making a person who they are, both biology and experiences influence memory. As neither biology or experience provides us with the full story. Research into memory has shown that the experiences that people have and people’s ongoing cognitive functions can be seen to affect the brain biologically. Studies into memory processes and structures provide evidence of how we are constituted by experiences around us. However having knowledge of an experience provide us with stimulation in order to cue a memory. It is believed that memory can be enhanced, and people can actively help their memory retain information. The theory by Craik and Lockhart (1972 cited in Brace and Roth 2007) in the levels of processing theory suggest that the retention of material in dependent on how deeply it was processed when encoded. They suggested that just copying down words without any meaning, would mean that the words would only be encoded at that level. Words with a meaning is encoded at a ‘deeper level’ so will therefore by more likely to be retained. This is because the brain is processing information more intensively, actively linking meaning to other stored material. Craik and Lockhart also looked at how the brain can memorise information by repeating information, with out further meaning behind it. These are all active processes. An example can be seen in an experiment by both Carik and Lockhart, based on this theory, the theory of processing investigation found that the participants rem embered more when told to remember the set of items. It was discovered by researchers that memory recall can be improved by using cues or prompts to retrieve information, so would suggest the memory is an active process which can be improved, therefore illustrating flexibility of the mind. It is the dynamic side of the memory that allows us to develop techniques to aid in remembering information. However a memory can also make errors, and often the memory can fail. But imperfections tell us that memory is not just a reproduction of past experences, and that it is a constructive process. Pieces of information from different sources come together to create the memory. Brace N at al, ‘Mapping Psychology’ P 170‘memory is an active, selective and constructive (rather then passive) process that is influenced by our previous knowledge, our emotional state and the social dynamics of the current situation’. The memory does not always work correctly, though sometimes this can be just temporary. Research into memory deficits tells us that parts of a damaged brain can be compensated for by other parts of the brain allowing for new memories and learning, again an active process. Another example of this is when memories are damaged or failing, as the memory can compensate to allow for this. By studying atypical memories it allows researchers to understand how the memory works and what part of the brain works with what memory processes. Memory[p3] is different among different people with different factors influencing its efficiency, such as knowledge and experiences (. Memories) and are personal to people with new memories being created all the time, as in life people continue to learn to adapt to the world around them. It could be said that memory is laid down biologically but is the outcome of the experiences people have. Memories can be changed and are not a total record of an experience (, as memories) not only because they can often fade (Memories) but because they can (also) be changed or elaborated (when they are recalled) , suggesting that they are not fixed and have a degree of plasticity/flexibility as they can change and develop. We can also actively employ techniques to help us remember information. Therefore this would mean that the memory is active rather then it being simply a store for information. Word Count 1, 431 Reference: Brace, N and Roth I (2007) Memory: structures, processes and skills. In Miell, D Pheonix, A and Thomas K. Mapping Psychology. Milton Keynes. The Open University Good end of essay referencing. [p1]  Whilst it is good that you have made it clear how important memory this good be very much summarised. The terms that most need defining are â€Å"constructe† and â€Å"active†. You need to tell the reader how you mean to tackle the question i.e. what evidence you will use. [p2]  Some explanation, and perhaps an example of what is meant by constructive is needed here. [p3]  This conclusion is reasonably well focused on assessing the claim, and summarises your points fairly well in relation to individual differences, interaction between biology and experience, plasticity and employing techniques. Superoxide Dismutase: Oxidative Stress Superoxide Dismutase: Oxidative Stress SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE: OXIDATIVE STRESS Sebastian, Jay Francine A. and Feliciano, Angel P. III INTRODUCTION Superoxide Dismutase or SOD is an enzyme that has a metal-containing antioxidant. It reduces any harmful free radicals of Oxygen or O2 forming during a normal metabolic cell state that it will form oxygen or O2 and Hydrogen peroxide. Its name originated from dismutation which means simultaneous oxidation and reduction, with that being said Supeoxide Dismutase belongs to the enzyme class Oxido-reductases. To which this enzyme catalyzes an oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. Oxidation is a reaction that increases oxygen bonding and/or decreases hydrogen bonding, while reduction is a reaction that increases hydrogen bonding and/or decreases oxygen bonding. This enzyme can be found with all living cells, but for medicinal use the enzyme is extracted specifically from cows. It can be taken as a shot as a pain treatment and inflammation caused by Arthritis. It can also be used as a shot for tolerance of radiation therapy, improves rejection rates of kidney transplants and minimizes heart damage from heart attacks.(1) SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE The Structure: Superoxide Dismutase The Cell wall not to be mistaken as the cell membrane is located outside the said cell membrane. It is described to be tough and rigid but flexible. It surrounds certain cells like: plants, fungi (like mushrooms), prokaryotes (like bacteria) and eukaryotes (like mammals). This acts as a support, protection and as a filter for unwanted foreign substances. The cell wall benefits from superoxide dismutase. Superoxide dismutase aids to the reproduction of yeast. The cell functions against cell wall-perturbation. Cell wall-perturbation is caused by oxidative stress and the superoxide dismutase aids as an antioxidant. This being said the yeast cell may be able to bud and reproduce due to the protection of superoxide dismutase. (2) Supeoxide dismutase can be found in the dermis and the epidermis. It can also be found in a Siberian chaga mushroom or CHAGA for short. It is abundant of SOD antioxidants. Superoxide dismutase is associated with Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe). It many cases this is a metabolic enzyme due to it being an antioxidant. (3) Copper, Zinc Superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) this enzyme is located within humans and is soluble. This structure displays that Cu,Zn Superoxide dismutase is embedded within this enzyme. This is located in the cytosol, nucleus, peroxisomes, and mitochondrial intermembrane space of eukaryotic cells and in the periplasmic space of bacteria. The enzyme within humans is described to have a 32-kDa homodimer, with 1 copper and 1 zinc binding site per 153-amino acid subunit. Each monomer based on a ÃŽ ²-barrel motif and has 2 large functional loops, to which they are called electorstatic and zinc loops. This encases the metal binding region. The crystal structure of metal bound dimeric human SOD1. Copper and zinc ions are shown as blue and orange spheres. The zinc loop is seen in the orange coloured structure and the electrostatic loop in a blue colour. The intrasubunit disulfide bond is seen as red. A hydrogen bond network stabilizes the structure around the metal ions and links the metal-binding sites to portions of the protein (Fig. 1.). Metal binding region in SOD1 is contained within each subunit and has 1 copper and 1 zinc binding site in close enough to share an imidazolate ligand. (4) Figure 1. Structure of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase or SOD1 (4) Figure 2 displays Iron, Manganese superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2) this is located within humans. In this enzyme Fe,Mn- superoxide dismutase can be found embedded in this particular enzyme. This enzyme producess a mitochondrial protein to which it will form a homotetramere. It also binds 1 manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds with the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. it will convert it to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. This enzyme can also be located within a bacteria E. coli. Crystal structures have been solved at high resolution for Fe,Mn- Superoxide dismutase. E. coli MnSOD described to have a homodimer, while in humans and T. thermophilus Fe,Mn- Superoxide dismutase are homotetramers. The subunits are composed of 2 domains, an all-a N-terminal domain and an a/b C-terminal domain (Fig. 2.). Known residues that only appear to be in Mn- Superoxide dismutase families, to which are expected to represent groups for cata lytic function. Four of these are H26, H81, D167, and D171 in E. coli Mn-SOD sequence numbering. These are metal ligands. 2 more, H30 and Y34, form a gateway to an active site, and another, E170, is found in the outer sphere of a metal binding site.(5) Figure 2. E. coli Manganese superoxide dismutase displays the homodimer (5) Superoxide dismutase, Extracellular matrix or EC-SOD described to be tetrametric, a hydrophobic glycoprotein. It can be located in the extracellular fluid. This includes the plasma and the extracelluar matrix of tissues. This can be located within the human body; in the heart, pancreas, and lungs. This enzyme shows some similarities with Cu,Zn- Superoxide dismutase. It also suppresses LDL oxidation. It also provides protection of the lungs from inflammation. It can remove H2O2 in the extracellular space. The crystallographic structure of tetrameric human SOD3 enzyme complexed with copper or Cu (orange) and zinc or Zn (grey) cations. The protein secreted inside the extracellular space, forms a glycosylated homotetramere that it is anchored in the extracellular matrix. The cell surfaces through the interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycan and collagen. Part of the protein is pushed near the C-terminus before it secretes to generate a circulating tetramers that does not interact in th extracellular matrix. (Fig. 3.). (6) Figure 3. Superoxide dismutase, extracellular matrix (6) Mechanism of Catalysis, Kinetics of Reaction and Mode of Regulation The overall reaction mechanism of superoxide dismutase is a ping- pong like reaction. It is because this reaction is reversible. As it displays in this formula: Ezox + O2 + H+ ↔ Ezred(H+) + O2(1)Ezred(H+) + O2 + H+ ↔ Ezox + H2O2 (2) This can be done by Fe, Mn and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutases (SODs). Where Ezox and Ezred is Cu2+Zn2+ and Cu+Zn2+, Fe3+ and Fe2+, Mn3+ and Mn2+, Ni3+ and Ni2+ to which it is derived from Cu,Zn, Fe and Mn-SODs. This is a simple redox reaction. The display of oxidation and or reduction from oxidative stress and oxidative free radicals. That being said it reduces oxygen and increases hydrogen and vice versa. The first reaction displace an oxidation from the addition of oxygen and reduction of hydrogen. The 1st reaction gives enough energy to produce a 2nd reaction. To which the same process is done, but with the give product. Notice that the reaction displays the predicted outcome of superoxide dismutase to with both produced oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This shows a stopped-flow kinetic measurements. The peroxide complex forms, it effectively inactivates the enzyme in a balanced state. This peroxide complex is described to be an isomer of the peroxy intermediate. It being formed when a turnover occurred, and the conversion of a dead-end complex demonstrates the solvent isotope effect less. This suggests that the proton transfer to productive peroxy anion complex prevented the formation of the dead-end complex. A close balance between oxidative and reductive rates is displayed to be quite important for an efficient cycle of the enzyme to which a turnover occurred. (Fig. 4.). (7) Figure 4. Manganese-Superoxide dismutase kinetic cycle (5) In the mechanism of superoxide dismutase catalyzed by copper dihistidine complex. An observation of the complex between superoxide and copper dihistidine wasnt observed due to the dismutation if superoxide catalyzed by copper complex requires such a complex. Notably, amino acid residues which are located near the active site have an effect on the enzymatic dismutation. Derivatization of Arg-141 which is positioned only 6 A away from the copper ion, diminishes the activity of the enzyme approximately by 10% of its original value. Also 7 to 8 lysine residues diminishes the activity of the enzyme and also inverts the dependence of its activity in ionic strength. Amino acid residues near the active site play an important role in the Mechanism of superoxide dismutase. Lysine provides an attractive electrostatic field or superoxide anion. While the rest of the residues play a role in directing the superoxide anion to the active site. (8) Associated Diseases and Application Super Oxide Dismutase is an enzyme present in all living cells. This enzyme speeds up a certain chemical reaction in our body. Super Oxide dismutase is usually extracted from cows. In can be taken by the mouth for removing wrinkles and for rebuilding or repairing tissues. Super Oxide dismutase can be also injected in our body. It is usually used in treating gout, sports injuries, osteoarthritis, cancer and lung problems for a newborn baby. It also helps in toleration with radiation therapy. It also helps in treating people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease and cataracts. Some researchers found that super oxide dismutase has a potential to be used as an anti-aging treatment. (9) Lou Gehrig’s disease, a fatal degenerative condition in which motor neurons are destroyed, is now known to be caused by mutation in gene that codes for cytosolic Cu-Zn isozyme of SOD. Red blood cells are usually protected because they possess high concentrations of Cu-Zn SOD, catalase, and gluthathione peroxidase, and a very active pentose phosphate pathway. (10) REFERENCE â€Å"Superoxide Dismutase†. 2014. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.webmd.com â€Å"Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase is required for cell wall structure and for tolerance for cell wall-perturbing agents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae†. 2010. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089158490200905X?np=y â€Å"Why does CHAGA aid in the relief of: Cancer†. 2005. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.carner.ws/testit â€Å"Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis†. 2005. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/nbio146/readings/Selverstone05.pdf â€Å"Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD)† by Jun Luo. 2001. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/corefacilities/esr/education/2001/3/LuoJ-paper3.pdf â€Å"Superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) variants and lung function†. 2009. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/content/37/3/260 â€Å"Superoxide dismutases: active sites that save, but a protein that kills† by Miller, A. 2004. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/miller/afm_papers/1.pdf â€Å"On the mechanism of action of superoxide dismutase: a theoretical study†. 1984. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00331a048?journalCode=jacsat â€Å"Superoxide Dismutase Benefits One of the Most Important Things You Can Do To Live Longer†. 2011. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://undergroundhealthreporter.com/superoxide-dismutase-benefits-help-you-live-longer/#ixzz3CbtGdYqF Mckee, T. Mckee, J. R. (2003) Biochemistry: the molecular basis of life 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 14 August 2014 Weapons Of Mass Destruction | Terrorism Weapons Of Mass Destruction | Terrorism The cause of concern for any terrorists attack since the post cold war era has been unprecedented. Such concern has increased of late as the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union has left many nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in the hands of nations, who are finding it hard to ensure their two ends meet and to secure these weapons. So, these weapons are vulnerable in the hands of these nations, as any terrorist organisation would be looking out to materialise on such issues and acquire these Weapons of Mass Destruction. The chapters so far has brought out the various facets of terrorism using Weapon of Mass Destructions. Though the terrorists activities or incidents involving Weapon of Mass Destructions is miniscule as compared to incidents involving conventional weapons, any attack by terrorists using Weapon of Mass Destructions cannot be overlooked. The growing high end incident violence and the terrorists willingness to inflict mass casualty to general public is a pointer in the direction where terrorism is headed. The weapon of mass destruction is the buzz word for the terrorists, as with small effort, they inflict a larger damage. With the disintegration of the erstwhile Soviet Union, fissile material or Chemical and Biological agent reaching a terrorists hand is not a remote possibility, especially for a state sponsored or well funded terrorist groups. In respect of India, the recent turmoil in Pakistan and the terrorist groups not recognising the government is a reminder of a Weapon of Mass Destructions attack in India becoming a reality. The terrorists can exploit the use of Weapons of Mass Destructions by either theft/ buying it from one of the states which is either in need of money or are harbouring terrorism. It is important that the world realise today that the threat from Weapon of Mass Destructions use by terrorist is imminent, and we should not be caught off guard and wanting in this regard. The starting point will include developing comprehensive plan involving the understanding the nuances of use of Weapon of Mass Destructions by terrorists and the groups. The starting point in this case would be to have something on lines of Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), as started by the USA. We need to identify the terrorists groups, which are most likely to use Weapon of Mass Destructions, and ban the outfit, freeze their funding and try and catch the leaders of these groups. India on their hand can start of on this mission, by firstly increasing the vigilance on the borders, increasing public awareness, and above reinforcing the existing security at its nuclear, chemical and biological plants, where a terrorist group may lay their hand on. Amongst other things which has aspired terrorism, nationalist terrorism, religious extremism and aggressive separatism are the most significant one. Nationalist terrorism is employed by a group of people with a common identity to achieve independence from the ruling power. Religious extremism is driven by the belief that violent actions against any state is not only fulfilling the Gods will, but also freeing mankind from evil in the world. The poor countries of North Africa and Arab states are of the opinion that the western world doesnt want these countries to become rich. The liberal and open economy of developed nations is often taken as being against these poor nations, thus leading to religious extremism. To ensure that such kind of terrorism does not spring up, the gap between the rich and poor nation needs to be reduced. The modern terrorism frightens people with its ability to employ high technological weapon such as Biological, Chemical, or even Nuclear devices. The use of biological agent cannot ruled out, no matter how much repugnant it may be. Biological agents have been known to have been made few state actors, and it could have easily been passed on to the non state actors, fighting for similar cause. If a biological threat was not taken seriously, it would be a bad bargain for any state. Reasonable protective measures would demand increased attention. Chemical weapons or agents are an effective military tool and can be easily be defined as an instrument of terror. Many countries have since end of the World War II has invested in the chemical agents however most of them claim to have discarded these weapons. The chemical weapon use by terrorists may be less effective as compared to other Weapons of Mass destruction, but it will have a huge impact on the morale and psychological effect, in addition to political impact. The basic technology for development of chemical agents would be same as that required for civilian use. This dual use technology for chemical agent pose a significant danger if they are diverted for weapons production, and any improper or illegal use cannot be found out easily. Bio terrorism is more likely than ever before and far more threatening than explosive or chemical. Preventing and countering bio terrorism is extremely difficult. Detection or interdiction of those intending to use bio weapon is next to impossible. Terrorists are likely to use the rapidity of casualty reached due to unexpected and non available diagnostic and therapeutic support needed. We are ill prepared to deal with such terrorist attacks. A chemical release is far more manageable than the biological challenge posed by Small pox or Anthrax. The spectre of Biological weapon is an ugly one, every bit as grim as that of a nuclear winter. The resource availability in the poor countries being at premium shall make them a vulnerable target that shall be unable to cope with the magnitude of such casualties. On the immediate horizon knowing well that what little can be done under such attacks, a mammoth task lies before us and a cruel opportunity with terrorist groups to exploit it to the ir advantage. The chances of a terrorist group using a nuclear weapon is less when compared to chemical and biological weapon, but any use of nuclear weapon would be profound and disastrous for a state. All countries need to be vigilant in monitoring any proliferation of nuclear weapon technology to the terrorist groups. A terrorist group would not like to use a Weapon of Mass Destruction in the first instance. This is because in destroying the entire population and devastating societies, these terrorists organisations would lose everything they have fought for so far. However, the use of such weapons by self destructive terrorists or those who are religious fanatic cannot be overlooked. The change in the nature of the threat requires changes in the way we organize our resources to provide for the common defence. To cope with the new threat will require new doctrines and innovative technologies, improved intelligence and law enforcement, and better cooperation with like-minded governments. The three-pronged strategy I have described is both within our reach and within our budget. Of course we will have to refocus our priorities, and more funding will be required. But the threat of terrorist attack on American cities involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons has reached the point where a bold and vigorous effort is required. This is a clear and present danger to the American people that requires a timely response. Historically, much less attention has been paid to the CB terrorist threat than to its nuclear counterpart, despite the cogency of the argument that the latter is less likely to occur than the former. In the wake of the Tokyo subway attack, this has begun to change. In fact, the past couple of years have witnessed a good deal of intergovernmental consultation and enhanced domestic security measures planned or put into place throughout the Western world. Whether these will be sufficient or timely enough to prevent the next large-scale CB terrorist incident or at least to mitigate its consequences to an acceptable degree, however, remains to be seen. A robust WMD elimination capability is what all the countries require to meeting this threat and protecting from any catastrophic disaster. The hostile countries or terrorists groups would not think twice before using WMD against any country if it is assured that the country is not prepared to counter the threat.